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he repeated his third year

  • 1 repetir

    v.
    1 to repeat (hacer, decir de nuevo).
    repíteme tu apellido could you repeat your surname?, could you tell me your surname again?
    te lo he repetido mil veces I've told you a thousand times
    2 to repeat a year (pupil).
    3 to have seconds (comensal).
    4 to reproduce, to repeat.
    5 to have second servings, to have second helpings.
    6 to retake.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SERVIR], like link=servir servir
    1 (gen) to repeat
    ■ ¿puedes repetir la pregunta? can you repeat the question?
    2 (volver a hacer) to do again, do over again
    1 (volver a servirse) to have a second helping
    2 (venir a la boca) to repeat (on one), come up
    3 EDUCACIÓN to repeat a year
    1 (persona) to repeat oneself
    2 (hecho) to recur
    \
    ¡que no se repita! don't let it happen again!
    ¡que se repita! encore!, more!
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=reiterar) to repeat; (=rehacer) to do again

    repetir el postre — to have a second helping o seconds * of dessert

    2. VI
    1) (=servirse de nuevo) to have a second helping
    2) [ajo, pepino, chorizo]
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <pregunta/explicación> to repeat

    ¿me lo puedes repetir? — could you repeat it, please?

    hay que repetirle las cosas diez veces — you have to tell her everything ten times

    2) < tarea> to do... again; < programa> to repeat, rerun; < experimento> to repeat; <curso/asignatura> to repeat
    3) < plato> have a second helping of, to have seconds of (colloq)
    4) <ajo/pepino>
    2.
    1) ( volver a comer) have a second helping, to have seconds (colloq)
    2) pimientos/pepinos to repeat
    3) (Educ) to repeat a year/course
    3.
    repetirse v pron
    1) fenómeno/incidente to recur, happen again; persona to repeat oneself

    la historia se repite — (fr hecha) history repeats itself

    2) (Chi) ( volver a comer) to have a second helping, have seconds (colloq)
    * * *
    = rehearse, reiterate, repeat, restate [re-state], echo, rerun [re-run], retrace.
    Ex. However, it seems worth rehearsing some of the arguments again here in this particular context and identifying specifically how these problems are negotiated in a data base using natural language indexing.
    Ex. Nevertheless, it is worth reiterating that notation is added to the list of subjects that comprise the schedules of a classification scheme after the subjects to be included and their order have been settled.
    Ex. Also, some aspects of some of the schemes have already been considered in the last chapter, and these will obviously not be directly repeated.
    Ex. These procedures have been dealt with in the previous section of this course and will not be restated here.
    Ex. Kozol's emphasis on the rate of change must be echoed here.
    Ex. Sometimes it is necessary to rerun the setup process, either to install a new database driver or change other configuration settings.
    Ex. This trek provides an opportunity to authentically retrace part of his route of exploration.
    ----
    * la historia + repetirse = history + come full circle.
    * la historia + volverse a repetir = history + come full circle.
    * ¿Puede repetir? = I beg your pardon?.
    * que se repite una y otra vez = recurring.
    * repetir el recorrido = re-track [retrack].
    * repetir hasta la saciedad = beat + Nombre + to death, flog + Nombre + to death.
    * repetirse = recur.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <pregunta/explicación> to repeat

    ¿me lo puedes repetir? — could you repeat it, please?

    hay que repetirle las cosas diez veces — you have to tell her everything ten times

    2) < tarea> to do... again; < programa> to repeat, rerun; < experimento> to repeat; <curso/asignatura> to repeat
    3) < plato> have a second helping of, to have seconds of (colloq)
    4) <ajo/pepino>
    2.
    1) ( volver a comer) have a second helping, to have seconds (colloq)
    2) pimientos/pepinos to repeat
    3) (Educ) to repeat a year/course
    3.
    repetirse v pron
    1) fenómeno/incidente to recur, happen again; persona to repeat oneself

    la historia se repite — (fr hecha) history repeats itself

    2) (Chi) ( volver a comer) to have a second helping, have seconds (colloq)
    * * *
    = rehearse, reiterate, repeat, restate [re-state], echo, rerun [re-run], retrace.

    Ex: However, it seems worth rehearsing some of the arguments again here in this particular context and identifying specifically how these problems are negotiated in a data base using natural language indexing.

    Ex: Nevertheless, it is worth reiterating that notation is added to the list of subjects that comprise the schedules of a classification scheme after the subjects to be included and their order have been settled.
    Ex: Also, some aspects of some of the schemes have already been considered in the last chapter, and these will obviously not be directly repeated.
    Ex: These procedures have been dealt with in the previous section of this course and will not be restated here.
    Ex: Kozol's emphasis on the rate of change must be echoed here.
    Ex: Sometimes it is necessary to rerun the setup process, either to install a new database driver or change other configuration settings.
    Ex: This trek provides an opportunity to authentically retrace part of his route of exploration.
    * la historia + repetirse = history + come full circle.
    * la historia + volverse a repetir = history + come full circle.
    * ¿Puede repetir? = I beg your pardon?.
    * que se repite una y otra vez = recurring.
    * repetir el recorrido = re-track [retrack].
    * repetir hasta la saciedad = beat + Nombre + to death, flog + Nombre + to death.
    * repetirse = recur.

    * * *
    vt
    A ‹pregunta/explicación/advertencia› to repeat
    ¿me lo puedes repetir? could you repeat it, please?
    repite como un loro todo lo que dice su marido she repeats, parrot fashion, everything her husband says
    hay que repetirle las cosas diez veces para que entienda you have to tell her everything ten times to get her to understand
    me cansé de repetirle que no lo hiciera I got fed up with telling him not to do it
    se lo repetí hasta la saciedad I told him until I was blue in the face ( colloq)
    ¡que no te lo tenga que volver a repetir! don't let me have to tell you again!
    B ‹tarea› to do … again; ‹programa› to repeat; ‹experimento› to repeat, rerun; ‹curso/asignatura› to repeat
    esto está mal, repítelo this is wrong, do it again
    es una experiencia que no quiero repetir it's an experience I don't want to repeat
    lo aplaudieron tanto que tuvo que repetir la pieza they applauded so much that he had to play the piece again
    C ‹plato› to have a second helping of, to have seconds of ( colloq)
    D ‹ajo/pepino›
    he estado repitiendo la cebolla toda la tarde the onion's been repeating on me all afternoon
    ■ repetir
    vi
    A (volver a comer) to have a second helping, to have seconds ( colloq)
    B «pimientos/pepinos» to repeat
    el ajo me repite garlic repeats on me
    C ( Educ) to repeat a year/course
    A
    1 «fenómeno/incidente» to recur, happen again
    ¡que no se vuelva a repetir! don't let it happen again!
    la historia se repite ( fr hecha); history repeats itself
    2 «persona» to repeat oneself
    B ( Chi) (volver a comer) to have a second helping, to have seconds ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    repetir ( conjugate repetir) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹pregunta/explicación› to repeat;

    ◊ ¿me lo puedes repetir? could you repeat it, please?;

    ¡que no te lo tenga que volver a repetir! don't let me have to tell you again!
    b) ‹ tarea› to do … again;

    ‹ programa› to repeat, rerun;
    ‹experimento/curso/asignatura› to repeat

    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( volver a comer) to have a second helping, to have seconds (colloq)
    2 [pimientos/pepinos] to repeat;

    3 (Educ) to repeat a year/course
    repetirse verbo pronominal
    a) [fenómeno/incidente/sueño] to recur, happen again;

    [ persona] to repeat oneself

    repetir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un gesto, acción, juicio, palabras) to repeat
    2 (un trabajo) to do again: tendrás que repetir la redacción, you'll have to redo your composition
    3 (volver a servirse algún alimento) to have a second helping: repetí arroz dos veces, I had three helpings of rice
    4 Educ to repeat
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 Educ to repeat a year
    2 (volver a servirse el plato) to have a second helping
    3 (un alimento) el ajo me repite, garlic repeats on me
    ' repetir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    citar
    - más
    - poder
    - coro
    - fastidiar
    - limitar
    - literalmente
    - pie
    - practicar
    - repita
    - retransmitir
    English:
    defy
    - do over
    - duplicate
    - echo
    - helping
    - repeat
    - replicate
    - reprise
    - restate
    - roll back
    - second
    - regurgitate
    - reiterate
    - replay
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hacer, decir de nuevo] to repeat;
    [ataque] to renew;
    vas a tener que repetir la redacción you're going to have to rewrite it;
    repíteme tu apellido could you repeat your surname?, could you tell me your surname again?;
    el bebé repite todo lo que dicen sus padres the baby repeats everything his parents say;
    te lo he repetido mil veces I've told you a thousand times;
    te lo voy a repetir: no quiero ir I'm going to tell you one more time: I don't want to go;
    no me gustaría repetir una experiencia así I wouldn't like to repeat an experience like that
    2. Educ
    repitió tercero he repeated his third year
    3. [en comida] to have seconds of;
    voy a repetir postre [en un restaurante] I'm going to have another dessert;
    [en casa] I'm going to have some more dessert o another helping of dessert
    ♦ vi
    1. Educ to repeat a year
    2. [sabor, alimento]
    repetir a alguien to repeat on sb;
    el ajo repite mucho garlic really repeats on you;
    me está repitiendo la cebolla the onion is repeating on me
    3. [de comida] to have seconds;
    esta ensalada me encanta, voy a repetir I love this salad, I'm going to have some more of it
    * * *
    I v/t repeat
    II v/i de comida repeat
    * * *
    repetir {54} vt
    1) : to repeat
    2) : to have a second helping of
    * * *
    1. (en general) to repeat
    ¿puede repetir la pregunta? can you repeat the question?
    2. (volver a hacer) to do again
    3. (tomar más comida) to have a second helping

    Spanish-English dictionary > repetir

  • 2 gå

    4
    идти́, ходи́ть; отправля́ться

    tóget går (klókken seks) — по́езд отхо́дит (в шесть часо́в)

    úret går — часы́ иду́т

    gå på besǿg — ходи́ть в го́сти

    hvordán går det dig [Dem]? — как твои́ [ва́ши] дела́?, как пожива́ете?

    det går godt — (дела́ иду́т) хорошо́!

    gå i skóle — ходи́ть в шко́лу

    gå på árbejde — ходи́ть на рабо́ту

    gå (en)tur — прогуля́ться, соверши́ть прогу́лку

    * * *
    elapse, extend, go, march, on, play, reach, roll, run, strike, tread, walk
    * * *
    vb (gik, gået) go;
    ( om tid) go, pass, go by;
    ( spilles, opføres) be on ( fx there is a good film on at the Palladium), run ( fx the play ran for six months; is that film still running?),
    (mere F) be played, be performed;
    ( sælges) sell, be sold;
    (gram.: bøjes) go, be inflected;
    ( rækkes fra hånd til hånd) go round, pass;
    ( gå i stykker) go, break;
    ( gå på pension) retire,
    (om maskineri etc) run ( fx the engine is running smoothly; the drawer
    ( skuffen) runs smoothly; the machine runs by electricity);
    ( om tog) run ( fx the trains did not run on Sundays),
    ( afgå) leave, go ( fx when does the train leave (el. go)? it leaves
    (el. goes) at 10);
    (teat) exeunt, exit,
    ( i nyere stykker oftest) they go (, he, she goes) (off stage);
    [ døren gik] the door opened and shut; somebody came in (, went out);
    [ møllen går] the mill is turning;
    [ radioen går hele dagen] the radio is on all day;
    [ snakken gik] the conversation was in full swing,
    (dvs sladderen) people were talking;
    [ snakken gik livligt] the conversation was animated;
    [ der er gået tre trumfer] three trumps are out (el. have gone);
    (se også dans, rygte, tur, ur etc);
    [ med adv, pron etc:]
    (dvs afskediget) be retired;
    [ det gik helt anderledes] it turned out quite differently;
    [ det er gået dårligt for mig] things have gone badly with me, I have had bad luck;
    (mht helbred) he was in a bad way;
    [ det gik dårligt med foretagendet] the enterprise did not succeed;
    [ gå fri] escape,
    ( få lov at slippe) be let off;
    [ uret går godt] the watch keeps good time;
    [ forretningen går godt] the business is thriving;
    [ hvordan går det ( med helbredet)?] how are you?
    T how is it going? how goes it?
    (se også ndf: gå med);
    [ hvordan det end går] whatever happens;
    [ den går ikke] that won't do,
    (= du kan tro nej!) no you don't! nothing doing! I'm not having any!
    [ lad gå!] all right! let it pass!
    [ jeg vil lade det gå for denne gang] I'll overlook it this time;
    (dvs sætte fri) let him go;
    (dvs lade i fred) leave him alone;
    [ det går meget let] that is very easy;
    [ sådan gik det i tre år] things went on like that for three years;
    [ sådan går det her i verden] that is the way of the world;
    [ sådan går det ( med) alle store mænd] that is what happens to all great men;
    [ gå tabt] be lost,
    (se også tabe);
    (se også III. fejl, II. galt, højt, ledig, løs, nok, rigtig, vild);
    [ faste forbindelser med præp og adv:]
    ( løsne sig) come off,
    ( om noget limet også) come unstuck;
    ( om skydevåben) go off,
    ( om skud) be fired;
    ( gå på pension) retire,
    ( forløbe) go (el. pass) off;
    [ hvad går der af ham] what is the matter with him? what has come over him?
    (se også II. led, mode, vej);
    [ gå af i stilhed] pass off quietly;
    [ det kan gå af på min gæld] you can deduct it from what I owe you;
    ( være acceptabel) do ( fx will these shoes do?);
    [ det går an] it will do;
    [ det går aldrig an] it will never do;
    [ gå bagover] fall backwards;
    [ jeg var ved at gå bagover af forbavselse] you could have knocked me down with a feather;
    [ gå bort] go away;
    (dø) die, pass away;
    ( hente) go for, go to fetch,
    T go and get;
    ( rette sig efter) go by, go on ( fx we have nothing to go by (el.
    on)), act on ( fx his advice, his recommendation);
    [gå ` efter]
    ( undersøge) go over ( fx all the details), go into ( fx the
    matter),
    ( gøre rent, reparere) go over ( fx she went over the room with a duster),
    ( grundigt, om bil, skib) overhaul;
    (friske el. male op) touch up ( fx an article);
    ( efterkontrollere) go (el. check) over, go (el. check) through;
    [ hvis det gik efter mit hoved] if I had my way;
    [ gå efter lyden] go in the direction of the sound;
    ( gælde, regnes for) pass for, be supposed to be;
    ( blive solgt for) go for;
    [ hvad går her for sig?] what is going on here?
    [ hvornår skal det gå for sig?] when is it to come off? when is it to be?
    [ det går godt for ham] he is doing well;
    [ intet ville gå for ham] nothing went right for him;
    [gå foran præp] go before,
    F precede;
    adv go (, walk) ahead (el. in front), lead the way;
    [ gå forbi] pass;
    (fig) take precedence of (el. over);
    [gå ` fra]
    ( løsne sig) come loose;
    ( om noget limet) come unstuck;
    ( skulle fradrages) be deducted;
    (opgive fx eksamen) give up;
    (opgive studium etc) drop out;
    ( forlade) leave (behind);
    ( lade i stikken) desert ( fx one's wife);
    (dvs hver til sit) part, separate;
    (dvs i stykker) go to pieces, split;
    [ gå fra sit ord] go back on one's word;
    [ gå frem] advance, go forward;
    ( gøre fremskridt) make progress;
    ( bære sig ad) act,
    F proceed;
    [ gå lige frem] walk straight ahead;
    [ gå fremad] advance,
    F proceed;
    ( gøre fremskridt) make progress;
    (dvs det går ham godt) he is getting on;
    (mht helbredet) his health is improving;
    ( han bliver dygtigere) he is coming on;
    [ gå hen: gå ubemærket hen] pass off unnoticed;
    [ gå ikke hen og bliv syg] don't go and be ill;
    [ han er gået hen og har købt en bil] he's (been and) gone and bought a car;
    [ gå let hen over] pass lightly over;
    T skate over;
    (se også hoved);
    [ gå hen til ham] go (up) to him; walk over to him;
    ( for at besøge ham) go and see him; look him up;
    [` gå i]
    [gå `i]
    ( lukke sig) close;
    [ gå i biografen (, teatret, skole)] go to the cinema (, the theatre, school);
    [han går i sit 50. år] he is in his fiftieth year;
    [ gå i femte klasse] be in the fifth class;
    [ hun går lige i folk] people fall for her straight away;
    [ den slags historier går lige i folk] people lap up that kind of story;
    [ gå i sig selv] think better of it,
    F repent;
    [ planen gik i sig selv igen] the scheme came to nothing;
    (se også blod, I. død, frø, kloster, krig, kød, land, moder, orden,
    II. ret, I. stykke, vand, vejr);
    [` gå igen] leave again;
    [gå ` igen] be repeated,
    F recur;
    ( om genfærd) walk; haunt the house (, room etc);
    [ gå igennem] pass (through), go through;
    ( undersøge) go over, go through;
    ( lide) go through,
    F undergo;
    ( blive vedtaget) be carried, pass, go through;
    [ ansøgningen gik igennem] the application was granted;
    (se også marv);
    ( i fjendtlig hensigt) go against;
    ( hen imod) go towards;
    ( modarbejde) oppose;
    [ hvad er der gået dig imod?] what is worrying you? what has upset you?
    [ alting går mig imod] nothing seems to be going my way;
    ( træde ind) go in, enter;
    (om avis etc) cease publication;
    (se også jagt);
    [ gå ind ad døren] go in through (, enter by) the door;
    ( støtte) support ( fx a proposal),
    ( være fortaler for) be an advocate of ( fx reform), advocate,
    ( anbefale) recommend;
    [ gå ind for en sag] adopt (el. identify oneself with) a cause;
    [ gå ind for hans politik] go in for (el. adopt el. advocate) his policy;
    [ jeg går ind for at] I think that, I vote that;
    [ gå ind i] go into, enter,
    (i forening etc) join;
    [ gå ind i hæren] join the army;
    (dvs han forstod det) it went right in; he got the message;
    (dvs de elsker det) they lap up that kind of thing;
    ( bevæge sig ind i) enter ( fx enter one's office);
    ( beskæftige sig med) go into ( fx go into details);
    ( give sin tilslutning til) agree to, accept ( fx accept a proposal), fall in with ( fx an arrangement, a joke);
    [ gå nærmere ind på] go into details about;
    [ gå ind til de andre] join the others;
    (se også evig (hvile));
    ( om dør) open inwards;
    [ han går indad på fødderne] his feet turn in; he turns in his feet (in walking);
    [ gå itu] break, come (el. go) to pieces;
    ( ledsage) go with, come with,
    F accompany;
    ( bære) carry ( fx a pistol, a gas mask, a cane),
    ( være iført) wear ( fx a gas mask, glasses, a ring, a hat);
    (se også krykke);
    ( om par) go out with,
    T date ( fx he's dating her);
    ( uddele) deliver ( fx newspapers, milk; bread for a baker);
    [gå ` med]
    (adv) come with somebody (, me, etc), go along;
    ( forbruges) be consumed, be spent;
    ( blive ødelagt) be destroyed, be lost;
    [ går du med?] are you coming (too)? are you coming with me (, us)?
    ( også) do a newspaper round (, milk round);
    [ hvordan går det med ham?] how is he getting on?
    [ hvordan går det med arbejdet?] how is the work getting on? how are you getting on with your work?
    [ det går dårligt (, godt) med], se ovf: det går...;
    [ gå med stok] walk with a stick,
    ( til pynt) carry a stick;
    [ gå stille med noget] keep something quiet;
    (se også dør);
    [ gå med hovedet på skrå] carry one's head on one side;
    [ sådan går det med de fleste] that is what happens to most people;
    [ hele dagen gik med at forberede festen] they (, we etc) spent the whole day preparing the party;
    [ gå med på] agree to ( fx the terms, the plan, the proposal), fall in with ( fx the proposal);
    (se også værst);
    (dvs ind på) agree to;
    [ gå ned] go down,
    F descend;
    (om sol etc) set, go down;
    ( om flyvemaskine) land, come down;
    (om skib etc = synke) go down;
    ( om pris, temperatur etc) fall,
    ( pludseligt) drop;
    ( om teatertæppe) fall, come down;
    ( bukke under) go under, go to the wall,
    ( gå fallit) go under, go bust;
    (se også I. bakke, flag, I. klap);
    [gå `om]
    ( gå omkring) walk about,
    ( blive rakt rundt) go round;
    ( udføres på ny) be repeated;
    ( i skole) repeat a class (, a year);
    ( om eksamen) retake (, kun skriftlig: resit) an examination,
    ( med objekt) retake (, resit) ( fx it is not possible to retake single papers);
    [ lade kanden gå om] pass the jug;
    [ kanden gik om] the jug went round;
    [gå 3. klasse om] repeat the third class;
    [ gå omkring] walk about;
    [ der går en mur omkring byen] there is a wall round the town;
    [ gå omkring i gaderne] walk about the streets;
    ( stige, også om pris) rise, go up;
    ( om dør, vindue) open,
    ( pludseligt) fly open;
    ( om sammenføjning) come apart, give way;
    (om knude etc) come undone,
    ( om noget limet) come unstuck;
    ( om regnestykke) come out, come right;
    ( om kabale) come out;
    (om fly etc) take off;
    ( om regnestykke) get out;
    (fig) it amounts to the same thing;
    ( vi er kvit) we are quits;
    [ det gik op for mig at] I came to realize that, it dawned upon me that;
    (dvs interessere sig for) be absorbed in; give one's mind to;
    ( gå helt op i) devote oneself to;
    ( til eksamen) do an examination in a subject;
    [ selskabet er gået op i et andet] the company has become merged in another;
    [ to går op i fire] two will go into four; four is divisible by two;
    [ gå op i sin rolle] identify oneself with one's part;
    (se også I. lue, røg, I. spids);
    [gå op med 6%] rise (el. go up) by 6%;
    ( fra side til side) cross ( fx let us cross here), walk across;
    ( fortage sig) pass off, wear off;
    ( gå itu) break (in two),
    ( overskride), se ndf: gå ud over;
    (se også bred, forstand, streg);
    [ gå over i] pass into;
    [ gå over på andre hænder] pass into other hands; change hands;
    [ gå over til] go over to ( fx the enemy; a Liberal MP went over to the Conservatives),
    (neds) defect to ( fx he defected to the rebels);
    ( en mening) come round to;
    ( en religion) go over to, be converted to;
    ( udvikles til) become, pass into;
    [ gå over til katolicismen] join (el. go over to) the Roman Catholic Church;
    [gå `på]
    ( tage fat) go ahead, go on;
    ( angribe) go for him (, them etc);
    ( ske) happen ( fx it does not happen often);
    (om handske etc) go on;
    (dvs angå) concern; be aimed at;
    [ den går han ikke `på] he won't swallow (el. S buy) that; that won't go down with him;
    [ det er hårdt at gå `på] it is tough luck;
    [gå ( løs) på en] go for somebody;
    (se også løs);
    (dvs veg ikke) he stood his ground (like a man);
    (dvs genere) he did not turn a hair;
    [ det skal du ikke lade dig gå på af] don't let it get you down;
    [ der går 100 p på et pund] there are a hundred pence to a pound;
    (se også I. arbejde, hånd, melodi, nerve, opdagelse, universitet, vinge);
    [ gå rundt] walk about, go round;
    (se også rundt);
    [` gå sammen] walk (, leave) together;
    ( om par) go out together,
    T date ( fx they have been dating for over a year);
    (dvs gøre det i fællesskab) do it together;
    [ gå sammen om at] join together to,
    (dvs skyde penge sammen) club together to ( fx buy him a present);
    [ gå sammen med dem om at] join forces with them to;
    [gå ` til]
    ( fremskynde sin gang) walk faster,
    F quicken one's pace;
    ( ske) come about, come (to pass), happen ( fx how did it happen? how did it come about that he was told? how did he come to lose the
    money?);
    ( kræves) be required,
    ( forbruges) be spent, be consumed;
    ( om fodtøj) break in ( fx new boots, new shoes);
    T go it;
    [ det gik hedt til] feelings ran high,
    T the fur really flew;
    [ det gik livligt til] things got lively;
    [ det gik underligt til med den sag] it was a queer business;
    [ jeg er ved at gå ` til af varme] this heat is getting too much for me (el.
    is getting me down);
    (se også bord, film, hjerte, hvile, hånd, læge, II. ret, sag, scene, top,
    valg);
    [ gå tilbage] go back,
    (især mil.) retreat;
    (fig) decline; fall off ( fx membership ( medlemstallet) fell off);
    [ lade handelen gå tilbage] call off the deal;
    [ det er gået tilbage for ham] he has come down in the world;
    [ vær venlig at gå tilbage i vognen!] pass right along the bus, please!
    [ det går tilbage med ham] he is falling off; he is losing his grip;
    [ gå tilbage til] return to, go back to,
    ( skrive sig fra) date from ( fx the house dates from the 17th
    century);
    [ gå ud] go out ( fx they go out a lot);
    ( om ild, lys) go out;
    ( om planter) die;
    ( udgå) be omitted, be left out, be dropped;
    [ gå ud ad døren] go out of the door;
    [ gå ud af] go out of, leave ( fx the room, school);
    ( forudsætte) assume, understand, take for granted ( fx I took it for granted that you would agree);
    ( også) I take it that;
    [ gå ud fra en urigtig forudsætning] act on a wrong assumption;
    [ gå ud med én] go out with somebody;
    (dvs overskride) go beyond ( fx what is reasonable), pass,
    F exceed ( fx all bounds alle grænser);
    ( påvirke, ramme) affect ( fx one's health);
    ( også) his work suffers;
    [ hans ondskab gik ud over ham selv] his malice rebounded on him;
    [ dette vil gå ud over ham] he will be the one to suffer for this;
    (dvs når noget går én imod) take it out on somebody else;
    [ lade sit raseri gå ud over] vent one's rage on;
    ( tilsigte) aim at,
    ( udtrykke) be to the effect (that);
    [ det går ud på at] the idea is that;
    [ forslaget (, svaret) går ud på at] the proposal (, the answer) is to the effect that;
    [ hans stræben går ud på] his object (el. aim) is;
    [ jeg så hvad alt dette gik ud på] I perceived the drift of all this;
    [ jeg ved hvad dine ønsker går ud på] I know what your wishes are;
    [ gå uden om] walk (, go) round ( fx a hole in the road);
    (fig) get round ( fx the difficulty);
    ( prøve at undgå) sidestep ( fx a problem),
    F evade ( fx the difficulty, the question);
    [ gå langt uden om én] give somebody a wide berth;
    [ gå udenom] go round ( fx the gate was shut so we had to go round),
    (fig: om sagens kerne) beat about the bush;
    [gå ` under]
    (mar) go down,
    F founder;
    ( bukke under) go under, go to the wall;
    ( blive ødelagt) be destroyed;
    [ hvis verden går under] if the world comes to an end;
    (se også navn);
    [ gå væk], se væk.

    Danish-English dictionary > gå

  • 3 ko|niec

    m 1. (finał) end
    - koniec rozmowy/zebrania the end of a conversation/meeting
    - koniec wojny the end of the war
    - koniec świata the end of the world
    - koniec roku szkolnego the end of the school year
    - koniec meczu the end of the game a. match, full time
    - dzwonek oznajmił koniec lekcji the bell went a. sounded for the end of the lesson
    - na dzisiaj koniec that’s it a. all for today
    - zaraz koniec pracy we’ll be finishing work in a bit
    - widać już koniec pracy the work’s a. the job’s almost done a. finished
    - przeczuwam marny koniec tego przedsięwzięcia przen. I feel this undertaking will come to a sorry end
    - zachować najlepsze na koniec to keep a. save the best till a. for last
    - to jeszcze nie koniec naszych kłopotów that’s not the end of our troubles
    - dobiec końca to come to an end
    - lato dobiega końca the summer is coming to an end
    - podróż dobiegała końca the journey was drawing to an end a. nearing its end, the journey was almost over
    - zebranie dobiegło końca the meeting came to an end a. to a close
    - wojna dobiegła końca the war was at an end
    - mieć się ku końcowi to be drawing to an end a. a close
    - wojna miała się ku końcowi the war was nearing its a. drawing to an end
    - bez końca endlessly
    - ona mówi bez końca she never stops talking
    - opowiadał bez końca tę samą historię he repeated the same story over and over (again)
    - naprzykrzał jej się bez końca he kept pestering her all the time
    - i tak bez końca and so on ad infinitum
    - ciągnąć się bez końca to go a. drag on endlessly a. for ever
    - zebranie ciągnęło się bez końca the meeting (just) went on and on
    - budowa autostrady ciągnie się bez końca the construction of the motorway is taking forever
    - ocean ciągnął się bez końca the ocean stretched out endlessly
    - trwać bez końca to last a. take forever
    - ukończyć coś do końca roku/miesiąca to have finished a. completed sth by the end of the year/month
    - zostaliśmy do samego końca we stayed to the very end
    - doprowadzić coś do końca to bring sth to a (successful) conclusion
    - do końca świata until a. till the end of time
    - do końca życia a. swoich dni to a. until one’s dying day, to the end of one’s days
    - walczyć do końca to fight to the end a. the finish a. the last
    - walczyć do samego końca to fight to the bitter end
    - od dziś koniec z paleniem as from today, no more smoking! a. it’s goodbye to smoking!
    - koniec z nami! we’ve had it now! GB pot.; we’re done for (now)!
    - to już koniec! that’s the end!; that’s done it! pot.
    - i (na tym) koniec (and) that’s final, (and) that’s that a. flat GB
    - nie wyjdę za Marka i koniec! I will not marry Mark and that’s final!
    - koniec (i) kropka that’s the end of it, full stop GB, period US
    - nie pójdziesz, koniec i kropka you can’t go and that’s the end of it!; you can’t go, full stop!
    - koniec końców a. końcem pot. (wreszcie) in the end; (w końcu, ostatecznie) after all
    - koniec końców stanęło na tym, że... in the end a. eventually it was decided that…
    - koniec końców, prawo do prywatności musi być respektowane after all, the right to privacy must be respected
    - na koniec (wreszcie) in the end, finally; (na zakończenie) finally, lastly
    - na koniec warto zauważyć, że... finally it is worth noting that...
    - na końcu at the end, last (of all)
    - na przyjęcie przyszedł na końcu he was the last to arrive at the party
    - na samym końcu at the very end, last of all
    - pod koniec at a. toward(s) a. near the end
    - pod koniec maja/roku/XV wieku toward(s) the end of May/the year/the fifteenth century
    - pod koniec stulecia towards the end a. close of the century
    - pod koniec życia at a. toward(s) the end of one’s life
    - w końcu (wreszcie, nareszcie) in the end, finally; (ostatecznie) after all
    - w końcu deszcz przestał padać it finally stopped raining
    - ja zadecyduję, co kupimy, w końcu to moje pieniądze I’ll decide what we’re going to buy – after all, it’s my money
    - z końcem at the end
    - z końcem maja/roku at the end of May/the year
    2. (zakończenie) end
    - zaskakujący koniec powieści/filmu the novel’s/film’s surprise ending a. surprising conclusion
    - na końcu książki znajduje się indeks there’s an index at the back of the book
    - na końcu listy at the end a. bottom of the list
    - czytać książkę od końca to read a book from the end
    3. (kraniec) (kolejki, kija, nitki) end
    - drugi koniec miasta the other a. far end of town a. the city
    - na końcu ulicy at the end of the street
    - na samym końcu ogrodu at the very a. extreme end of the garden
    - gabinet dyrektora znajduje się na końcu korytarza the director’s office is at the end of the corridor
    - pojechać na koniec świata to go to the ends of the earth
    - od końca from the end
    - trzeci od końca the third from the end
    - zwiedziłem Europę od końca do końca I’ve travelled the length and breadth of Europe
    4. (czubek) (języka, palca) tip, end; (noża, igły) point; (ołówka) tip, point
    - okulary zjechały mu na koniec nosa his glasses slid to the end of his nose
    - mieć coś na końcu języka to have sth on the tip of one’s tongue
    - mam to na końcu języka I have it a. it’s on the tip of my tongue
    5. sgt (końcówka) end
    - to koniec zapasów that’s the end of the supplies
    6. sgt książk. (śmierć) end, death
    - jego koniec jest bliski he is nearing his end
    - czuł, że jego koniec jest bliski he felt the end was near
    - pielęgnował matkę aż do końca he took care of mother until the end
    - jeśli mnie wydasz, to ze mną koniec if you give me away, I’m finished a. done for pot.
    ■ do końca fully
    - sprawa nie została do końca wyjaśniona the matter has never been fully explained
    - nie do końca się (z tym) zgadzam I don’t entirely a. fully agree (with that)
    - nie do końca rozumiem, o co ci chodzi I don’t quite get your meaning a. what you mean
    - oklaskom nie było końca there was no end to the applause
    - ich gadaniu nie było końca pot. they (just) jabbered a. yapped on endlessly pot.
    - położyć czemuś koniec książk. to put an end a. a stop to sth
    - wiązać koniec z końcem pot. to make (both) ends meet
    - z trudem wiązać koniec z końcem to struggle to make ends meet
    - z mojej pensji ledwo wiążę koniec z końcem with my salary, I barely make a. I can hardly make ends meet
    - koniec świata! nie wzięłam paszportu! bloody hell! I’ve forgotten my passport! pot.
    - koniec wieńczy dzieło przysł. the end crowns the work przysł.
    - wszystko ma swój koniec przysł. there is an end to everything przysł.; all things (must) come to an end (some time) przysł.; (o dobrych rzeczach) all good things (must) come to an end przysł.
    - każdy kij ma dwa końce przysł. it cuts both ways pot.; two can play at that game pot.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > ko|niec

  • 4 co

    Ⅰ pron. 1. (w pytaniach) what
    - co to (jest)? what’s this/that?
    - co jest na górze? what’s upstairs?
    - co robisz? what are you doing?
    - co mi kupiłaś? what did you buy for me?
    - co się dzieje? what’s going on a. happening?
    - co ci po tym? what do you need it for?
    - o co chodzi? what’s the problem a. matter?, what’s going on?
    - w co się ubierzesz? what are you going to wear?
    - czego szukasz? what are you looking for?
    - czego on chciał? what did he want?
    - czego a. copot. chcesz w zamian? what do you want in exchange?
    - do czego służy ten guzik? what is this button for?
    - z czego jest ta koszula? what is this shirt made of?
    - czemu się tak przyglądasz? what are you looking at?
    - czym mam otworzyć tę puszkę? what shall I open this tin with?
    - czym żywią się wieloryby? what do whales feed on?
    - czym to się skończy? how will it (all) end?
    - o czym oni mówią? what are they talking about?
    - co to za maszyna? what’s this/that machine?
    - co to za kamień? what kind of stone is this?
    - co ty na to? what do you say a. think?
    - co u ciebie? how are you?, what’s new?, how’s life (treating you)?
    - co z tobą? źle się czujesz? what’s wrong (with you)?, don’t you feel well?
    - psa zabierzemy ze sobą, ale co z kotem? we can take the dog with us, but what about the cat?
    - co z tego? a. no to co? what of a. about it? pot.
    - co z tego, że kocha? so he’s in love, so what? pot.
    - co on, oszalał, żeby tyle forsy przepuścić! pot. he must be mad blowing all that money pot.
    - czego tam nie ma na strychu! there are all sorts of things in the attic
    - czym to on w życiu nie był! he’s done all sorts of things in life
    - co ty mi tu przyniosłeś? what on earth have you brought me?
    - po co a. na co? what for?
    - po co jedziesz do Krakowa? what are you going to Cracow for?
    - na co ci ten scyzoryk? what do you need this penknife for?
    - i na co wam to było? what did you have to (go and) do that for?
    - czego tam poszłaś? pot. what did you go there for?
    - czemu płaczesz? what are you crying for?
    - czemu nie? why not?
    - „idziesz z nami?” – „czemu nie” ‘are you coming with us?’ – ‘why not?’
    2. (w mowie zależnej) what
    - powiedz, co chcesz na śniadanie tell me what you want for breakfast
    - zapytaj go, co zrobił z nożyczkami ask him what he’s done with the scissors
    - dobrze byłoby wiedzieć, o co właściwie mu chodzi it would be good to know what he really wants
    - przysłuchiwał się, o czym rozmawiają he was listening in on their conversation
    - nie wiem, co to była za ryba I don’t know what kind of fish it was
    - nie rozumiem, po co tu przyszedł I don’t understand why he came here a. what he came here for
    - powiem mu jutro, co i jak I’ll tell him tomorrow what’s what
    - wiesz co?… (do) you know what?… pot., (I’ll) tell you what… pot.
    3. (w zdaniu podrzędnym zawężającym) that
    - wszystko to, co chciał zrobić everything (that) he wanted to do
    - mam coś, co cię zainteresuje I’ve got something that’ll interest you
    - nie zrobiłam nic, czego musiałabym się wstydzić I did nothing (that) I ought to be ashamed of
    - rób, co chcesz do what you want
    - czym była kiedyś łacina, tym stał się dziś język angielski what Latin was once, English is today
    - co jest naprawdę nieznośne, to myśl, że… what is really maddening is the thought that…
    - z czego będziemy żyć, to mój kłopot what we’re going to live on is my problem
    - co się stało, to się nie odstanie what’s done is done
    4. (w zdaniu podrzędnym rozwijającym) which
    - powiedział, że pożyczył mi pieniądze, co nie było prawdą he said he had lent me some money, which wasn’t true
    - zdał ostatni egzamin, czym bardzo ucieszył rodziców he passed the last exam, which made his parents very happy
    5. (ile, jak, jaki) as
    - on ma tyle samo wrogów, co przyjaciół he has as many enemies as he has friends
    - zatrudniamy tyle samo pracowników, co rok temu we employ as many people as we did a year ago
    - mam dwa razy tyle pracy, co ty I have twice as much work as you (have)
    - kapelusz tego samego koloru, co płaszcz a hat the same colour as the coat
    - mieszkam w tym samym domu, co on I live in the same building as he does
    - rodzice tyle go widywali, co na obiedzie his parents only saw him at dinner time
    6. pot. (kto, który) who
    - ktoś, co nigdy nie był w wojsku someone who has never been in the army
    - znam kogoś, co to chętnie zrobi I know someone who’ll be glad to do it
    - gdzie się podział ten chłopak, co u was mieszkał? what happened to the boy who used to live with you?
    - wiesz, co ty dla niego jesteś? do you know what you are to him?
    - ten młyn, co to w nim teraz jest hotel that mill that’s a hotel now
    7. pot. (dlaczego, w jakim celu) why
    - co się tak kręcisz? why can’t you sit still?
    - co tak wcześnie wstałaś? why did you get up so early?
    - coś taki wesoły? why are you so cheerful?, what are you so cheerful about?
    8. (w wyrażeniach emfatycznych) what (a)
    - co to za dureń z niego! what a clown he is! pejor.
    - co za niespodzianka! what a surprise!
    - nie masz pojęcia, co to za rozkosz! you’ve no idea what a delight it is
    Ⅱ praep. every
    - co dzień/sobota every day/Saturday
    - co dziesięć minut/dwa tygodnie every ten minutes/two weeks
    - co chwilę a. chwila every couple of minutes, every now and then
    - przystawał co krok he stopped with each a. every step
    - co jakiś czas tu zagląda, żeby sprawdzić, co robimy he looks in every now and then to check on us
    - opuszczał co drugą stronę he was skipping every other page
    Ⅲ adv. (bardziej) co ciekawsze fragmenty/książki some of the more interesting sections/books
    - co wytrwalsi zostali do końca sztuki only the most persevering stayed till the end of the play
    Ⅳ conj. (jak) as
    - (ona) pracuje w tej samej firmie co ja she works for the same company as me
    - ten sam/to samo co zawsze the same as always
    - taki sam jadłospis co przed tygodniem the same menu as a week ago
    - to już nie ten człowiek, co dawniej he’s not the man he used to be
    - jest równie inteligentny, co przebiegły he’s as intelligent as he is crafty
    - mogła mieć równie dobrze trzydzieści co czterdzieści lat she could just as well have been thirty as forty
    - co ciekawe/dziwne… what’s interesting/strange…
    - co gorsza… what’s worse…
    - co więcej… what’s more…
    Ⅴ part. pot. (jako równoważnik zdania) boisz się, co? you’re afraid, eh? pot.
    - ale ona urosła, co? she’s really grown, hasn’t she?
    - będziemy w kontakcie, co? we’ll be in touch, right? pot.
    - miłe dzieciaki, co nie? nice kids, eh? pot.
    - nie poznajesz mnie, co? you don’t recognize me, do you?
    - wszyscy gdzieś jadą na wykacje, a my co? everyone’s going somewhere on holiday, and what about us?
    - kto cię tu wpuścił, co? who let you in, eh? pot.
    - i co, zdałeś egzamin? well, did you pass (the exam)?
    - co ty, chcesz oberwać od ojca? you don’t want to get it from your father, do you? pot.
    - a ty co? dzwonka nie słyszałeś? what are you doing? – didn’t you hear the bell?
    Ⅵ co do praep. 1. (jeśli chodzi o) as for, as far as [sb/sth] is concerned
    - co do mnie, nigdy w horoskopy nie wierzyłem as for me, I’ve never believed in horoscopes
    - co do pańskiego artykułu… as for your article…, as far as your article is concerned…
    2. (w sprawie) regarding, concerning
    - mamy zastrzeżenia co do ostatniej partii towaru we have some reservations regarding the last consignment
    - jego uwagi co do nowelizacji ustawy his remarks regarding a. concerning the amendment of the law
    3. (pod względem) regarding, concerning
    - ustalenia co do zakresu prac details regarding a. concerning the scope of the work
    - druga co do wielkości partia polityczna the second largest party
    - dziesiąte co do wielkości państwo świata the world’s tenth largest state
    4. (dokładnie) to
    - co do godziny/dnia to the hour/day
    - o siódmej co do minuty at seven o’clock sharp
    - przyszedł punktualnie co do minuty he came a. arrived right on the dot pot.
    - oddał mi wszystko co do grosza he gave me back every single penny
    - powtórzyła wszystko co do słowa she repeated everything word for word
    - zginęli wszyscy co do jednego not one of them survived
    Ⅶ co…, (to) … conj. 1. (ile razy) each time
    - co wstawał, robiło mu się słabo each time he got up, he felt faint
    - co otworzył gazetę, wszędzie o Iraku every time he opened a newspaper, there was something about Iraq
    - co strzelił, to chybił every time he fired, he missed
    - co wspiął się wyżej, to zsuwał się each time he climbed up, he slipped down again
    - co premiera, to sukces each new production is/was a success
    2. (dla podkreślenia) co praca, to praca work is work (after all)
    - co chłop, to chłop you can’t beat a man (about the place)
    - co głowa, to głowa you can’t beat good brains
    - co prawda, to prawda I’ll second that
    - co dyrektor, to nie zwykły robotnik a director’s not just any worker
    Ⅷ czym…, tym… conj. kryt. czym starszy, tym głupszy the older he gets, the more foolish he becomes
    - czym większy przywódca, tym groźniejszy jego upadek the greater the leader, the further he has to fall
    ■ a co tam what do I care?, what does it matter?
    - chciała pokazać, co to nie ona she wanted to show what she was made of
    - co jak co, ale ciasto robisz pyszne say what you like, but you make delicious cake
    - czego jak czego, ale pieniędzy im nie brakuje whatever they’re short of, it’s not money
    - co najmniej at least
    - co najwyżej at most
    - co to, to nie! pot. that’s out of the question!; no way! pot.
    - co (proszę)? pot. (w odpowiedzi) what?
    - „Adam!” – „co?” ‘Adam!’ – ‘what?’
    - „jesteś tam?” – „a co?” ‘are you there?’ – ‘what do you want?’
    - co (takiego)? (wyrażające zdziwienie) what?, really?
    - dopiero a. tylko a. ledwo co only just
    - goście dopiero co wyjechali the guests have not long gone, the guests have only just left
    * * *
    1. pron
    ( w pytaniach) what

    to drzewo, co rośnie koło domu — the tree that grows by the house

    wspominał tych, co odeszli — he remembered those who had left

    zdałem egzamin, co wszystkich zaskoczyło — I passed the exam, which surprised everybody

    co się stało, to się nie odstanie — what's done cannot be undone ( w równoważnikach zdań)

    rób, co chcesz — do what you want

    co niemiara — in abundance, (pot: cokolwiek) anything

    jeśli co, daj mi znać — get in touch at the slightest thing

    2. part

    (wzmacniająco) co najwyżej — at (the) most

    co gorsza — what's worse, worse still

    co więcej — what's more, furthermore

    co chwila/krok — every lub each minute/step

    co drugi/trzeci — every second/third

    co do (+gen) — ( odnośnie do) as to, as for

    co do mnie — as far as I am concerned, ( dokładnie) (exact) to

    3. conj

    co strzelił, to chybił — every time he shot he missed

    4. adv
    (pot: dlaczego) why
    * * *
    co
    pron.
    Gen. czego Dat. czemu Ins. i Loc. czym
    1. ( zastępuje rzeczowniki) what; rób, co chcesz do what you want; czego (znowu) chcesz? what do you want (now)?; zwł. z irytacją what is it that you want (now)?; co to będzie? (= co chcesz zrobić?) what is it going to be?, what'll it be?; (= co się stanie?) what'll happen?; po co? what for?; byle co anything; Bóg wie co God knows what; diabli wiedzą co only the Devil knows; co to, to nie I won't have that; jeszcze czego! anything else?, what('s) next?; bądź co bądź anyway; w czym rzecz what's the matter; w razie czego (just) in case, if need(s) be; jak przyjdzie co do czego when the chips are down; nie ma co! there is no point; co komu do tego? it is none of anybody's business, why should it be anyone's business?, why should they care?; co mi tam! I don't care, I couldn't care less, who cares?; co będzie, to będzie happen what may; będzie co ma być what is to be, will be; what must be, must be; what will be, will be; co było, a nie jest, nie pisze się w rejestr let bygones be bygones; co z oczu, to z serca out of sight, out of mind; co się stało, to się nie odstanie what's been done cannot be undone, let bygones be bygones; co za dużo, to niezdrowo too much of a good thing, too much breaks the bag; co się odwlecze, to nie uciecze there is luck in leisure; co ma wisieć, nie utonie he that is born to be hanged shall never be drowned, if you're born to be hanged then you'll never be drowned; co nagle, to po diable haste makes waste; czym chata bogata, tym rada what's mine is yours; co ma piernik do wiatraka what do these two things have in common?, it is quite beside the point.
    2. (jako zaimek względny, głównie w pytaniach i zdaniach złożonych) co tchu at full l. top speed, in all haste; tyle, co kot napłakał next to nothing; co do grosza not a penny less, not a penny more; tyle pomoże, co umarłemu kadzidło it won't do any good, it won't help at all.
    conj.
    part.
    1. ( wyraża powtarzalność) every; co krok every step; co godzina/co chwila/co miesiąc/co roku every hour/every moment/every month/every year; co prawda admittedly; co prawda, to prawda you're right; co rusz every moment, every time; na co dzień every day; co i raz pot. every moment, every time; co kraj, to obyczaj every country has its customs; every land has its own law; so many countries, so many customs.
    2. ( wzmacnia przysłówki) what, still; co gorsza what's worse, worse still; co więcej what's more; co dwie głowy, to nie jedna two heads are better than one.
    3. (wyraża pytanie o przyczynę, cel) why; co się tak długo zastanawiasz? why have you been dwelling on it so long?

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > co

  • 5 ab

    ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

    AF VOBEIS,

    Inscr. Orell. 3114;

    AF MVRO,

    ib. 6601;

    AF CAPVA,

    ib. 3308;

    AF SOLO,

    ib. 589;

    AF LYCO,

    ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

    abs chorago,

    Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

    abs quivis,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

    abs terra,

    Cato, R. R. 51;

    and in compounds: aps-cessero,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

    and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

    id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).
    I.
    In space, and,
    II.
    Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.
    I.
    Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

    Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

    fuga ab urbe turpissima,

    Cic. Att. 7, 21:

    ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

    Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

    illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

    all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

    venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

    Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.
    b.
    Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

    oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

    quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

    ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

    protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

    id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

    profecti a domo,

    Liv. 40, 33, 2;

    of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

    classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

    Liv. 8, 22, 6;

    of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

    Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

    legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

    id. 24, 40, 2.
    c.
    Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

    Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

    libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

    Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

    Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

    id. Att. 7, 24:

    cum a vobis discessero,

    id. Sen. 22:

    multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

    so a fratre,

    id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

    a Pontio,

    Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

    ab ea,

    Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.
    B.
    Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.
    1.
    Of separation:

    ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

    abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

    tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

    Sall. C. 40, 5:

    absint lacerti ab stabulis,

    Verg. G. 4, 14.—
    2.
    Of distance:

    quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

    Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

    nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

    id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

    hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

    terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

    non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

    cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

    Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

    qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

    quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

    procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

    tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

    Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

    v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

    tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

    id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

    tam prope ab domo detineri,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

    onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

    eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

    duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

    id. 37, 38, 5). —
    3.
    To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

    picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

    Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

    pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

    on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

    non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

    at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

    erat a septentrionibus collis,

    on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).
    II.
    Fig.
    A.
    In time.
    1.
    From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

    Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

    Juv. 1,40:

    mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

    immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

    Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

    ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

    immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

    ab eo magistratu,

    after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

    a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

    after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

    ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

    Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

    confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

    Liv. 30, 36, 1:

    statim a funere,

    Suet. Caes. 85;

    and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

    id. ib. 60:

    protinus ab adoptione,

    Vell. 2, 104, 3:

    Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

    soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

    Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

    i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

    secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

    i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.
    2.
    With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

    ab hora tertia bibebatur,

    from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

    infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

    since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

    vixit ab omni aeternitate,

    from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

    cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

    Nep. Att. 5, 3:

    in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

    after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

    centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

    since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

    cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

    id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

    ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

    since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

    diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

    quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

    since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

    jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

    from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

    ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

    Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

    cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

    a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

    Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

    pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

    from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.
    b.
    Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

    qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

    from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

    mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

    a pueritia,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

    jam inde ab adulescentia,

    Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

    ab adulescentia,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

    jam a prima adulescentia,

    id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

    ab ineunte adulescentia,

    id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

    followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

    a primis temporibus aetatis,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

    a teneris unguiculis,

    from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

    usque a toga pura,

    id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

    jam inde ab incunabulis,

    Liv. 4, 36, 5:

    a prima lanugine,

    Suet. Oth. 12:

    viridi ab aevo,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

    rarely of animals: ab infantia,

    Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

    qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

    Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

    a pausillo puero,

    id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

    a puero,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

    a pueris,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

    ab adulescente,

    id. Quint. 3, 12:

    ab infante,

    Col. 1, 8, 2:

    a parva virgine,

    Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

    a parvis,

    Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

    a parvulo,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

    ab parvulis,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

    ab tenero,

    Col. 5, 6, 20;

    and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.
    B.
    In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.
    1.
    In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

    suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

    qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

    hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

    quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

    condicionem quam ab te peto,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

    mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

    si quid ab illo acceperis,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

    quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

    ab defensione desistere,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

    ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

    id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

    ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

    qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

    the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

    tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

    next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

    Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

    next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

    quid hoc ab illo differt,

    from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

    hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

    id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

    discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

    id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

    quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

    alieno a te animo fuit,

    id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

    subdole ab re consulit,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

    haut est ab re aucupis,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

    non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

    Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).
    2.
    In partic.
    a.
    To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

    a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

    Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

    ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

    id. ib. 1, 3:

    disputata ab eo,

    id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

    illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

    id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

    ita generati a natura sumus,

    id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

    pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

    Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

    niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

    quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

    is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

    salvebis a meo Cicerone,

    i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

    a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

    i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

    ne vir ab hoste cadat,

    Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

    levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

    a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

    id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

    si calor est a sole,

    id. N. D. 2, 52:

    ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

    id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

    metu poenae a Romanis,

    Liv. 32, 23, 9:

    bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

    id. 3, 22, 2:

    ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

    id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

    lassus ab equo indomito,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

    Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

    Prop. 5, 1, 126:

    tempus a nostris triste malis,

    time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

    vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

    by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

    ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

    Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

    si postulatur a populo,

    if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

    deseror conjuge,

    Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

    and in prose,

    Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

    ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

    (urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.
    b.
    With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

    pastores a Pergamide,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

    Turnus ab Aricia,

    Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

    obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

    Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.
    c.
    In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

    (sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

    id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)
    d.
    With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

    da, puere, ab summo,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

    da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

    coepere a fame mala,

    Liv. 4, 12, 7:

    cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

    tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

    a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.
    e.
    With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

    a foliis et stercore purgato,

    Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

    tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

    Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

    Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

    Liv. 21, 11, 5:

    expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

    haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

    ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

    Sall. C. 32:

    ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

    Liv. 21, 35, 12:

    ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

    Cic. Sest. 64, 133.
    f.
    With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

    el metul a Chryside,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

    ab Hannibale metuens,

    Liv. 23, 36; and:

    metus a praetore,

    id. 23, 15, 7;

    v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

    Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

    postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

    you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.
    g.
    With verbs of fastening and holding:

    funiculus a puppi religatus,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

    cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

    Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.
    h.
    Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

    a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

    Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.
    i.
    Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

    id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 22.
    j.
    Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

    doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

    a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

    id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

    a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

    a frigore laborantibus,

    Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

    laborare ab re frumentaria,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.
    k.
    Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

    ab ingenio improbus,

    Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

    a me pudica'st,

    id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

    orba ab optimatibus contio,

    Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

    locus copiosus a frumento,

    Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

    sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

    id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

    ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

    id. Brut. 16, 63:

    ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

    Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

    so often in poets ab arte=arte,

    artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.
    l.
    In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

    linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

    thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

    ab honore,

    id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.
    m.
    Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

    ab illo injuria,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

    fulgor ab auro,

    Lucr. 2, 5:

    dulces a fontibus undae,

    Verg. G. 2, 243.
    n.
    In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

    scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

    nonnuill ab novissimis,

    id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).
    o.
    In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

    qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

    ab eo qui sunt,

    id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

    nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

    id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).
    p.
    To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

    in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

    one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

    a manu servus,

    a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).
    q.
    The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

    a peregre,

    Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

    a foris,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

    ab intus,

    ib. ib. 7, 15:

    ab invicem,

    App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

    a longe,

    Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

    a modo,

    ib. ib. 23, 39;

    Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

    Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

    a sursum,

    ib. Marc. 15, 38.
    ► a.
    Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

    Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

    Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

    a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

    id. Sen. 6:

    a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

    id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

    res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

    id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—
    b.
    Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—
    c.
    It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

    a vitae periculo,

    Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

    a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

    id. Arch. 6, 12:

    a minus bono,

    Sall. C. 2, 6:

    a satis miti principio,

    Liv. 1, 6, 4:

    damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

    Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—
    d.
    The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

    aque Chao,

    Verg. G. 4, 347:

    aque mero,

    Ov. M. 3, 631:

    aque viro,

    id. H. 6, 156:

    aque suis,

    id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

    a meque,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

    abs teque,

    id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

    a teque,

    id. ib. 8, 11, §

    7: a primaque adulescentia,

    id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —
    e.
    A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.
    III.
    In composition ab,
    1.
    Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—
    2.
    It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ab

  • 6 Senefelder, Alois

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of lithography.
    [br]
    Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.
    He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.
    He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.
    With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).
    Further Reading
    W.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.
    M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Senefelder, Alois

  • 7 ANNARR

    (önnur, annat), a., indef. pron., ord. numb.;
    1) one of the two, the one (of two);
    Egill þessi hefir aðra hönd (only one hand) ok er kaliaðr einhendr;
    á aðra hönd, on the one side;
    a. … a. one … the other (hét a. Sörli, en a. Þorkell);
    2) second;
    í annat sinn, for the second time;
    høggr hann þegar annat (viz. högg), a second blow;
    á öðru hausti, the next autumn;
    annat sumar eptir;
    annat mest hof í Noregi, the next greatest temple;
    fjölmennast þing annat eptir brennu Njáls, the fullest assembly next to that after the burning of N.;
    4) some other (hón lék á gólfinu við aðrar meyjar);
    Þórarinn ok tíu menn aðrir, and ten men besides;
    hann var örvari af fé en nokkurr a., than anybody else;
    5) other, different;
    öl er a. maðr, ale (a drunken man) is another man, is not the same man;
    þau höfðu annan átrúnað, a different religion;
    6) in various combinations;
    annarr slíkr, such another, another of the same sort;
    gekk a. til at öðrum (one after another) at biðja hann;
    hverja nótt aðra sem aðra, every night in turn;
    annat var orð Finns harðara en annat, each word of Finn was harder than another;
    aðrir … aðrir, some … others;
    einir ok aðrir, various;
    ymsir ok aðrir, now one, now another (nefna upp ymsa ok aðra);
    hvárr (or hverr) … annan, each other, one another (hétu hvárir öðrum atförum);
    við þau tíðindi urðu allir giaðir ok sagði hverr öðrum, one told the news to another, man to man.
    * * *
    önnur, annat, adj.; pl. aðrir; gen. pl. annarra; dat. sing. f. annarri, [Ulf. anþar; A. S. oþar; Engl. other; Germ, andere; Swed. andra and annan: in Icel. assimilated, and, if followed by an r, the nn changes into ð.]
    I. = ετερος, alter:
    1. one of two, the other; tveir formenn þeirra, hét annarr, the one of them, Fms. ix. 372; sá er af öðrum ber, be that gets the better of it, Nj. 15; a. augat, Fms. ii. 61; á öðrum fæti, Bs. i. 387, Edda 42; annarri hendi…, en annarri, with the one hand …, with the other, Eb. 250, 238; á aðra hönd, on the one side, Grág. i. 432, Nj. 50; a. kné, Bs. i. 680; til annarrar handar, Nj. 50; annarr—annarr, one—other; gullkross á öðrum en ari af gulli á öðrum, Fms. x. 15. Peculiar is the phrase, við annan, þriðja, fjórða … mann, = being two, three, four … altogether; við annan, oneself and one besides, Eb. 60; cp. the Greek τρίτον ήμιτάλαντον, two talents and a half, Germ. anderthalh.
    2. secundus, a cardinal number, the second; sá maðr var þar a. Íslenzkr, Fms. xi. 129; í annat sinn, for the second time, Íb. ch. 1, 9; a. vetr aldrs hans, Bs. i. 415; höggr harm þegar annat (viz. högg), a second blow, Sturl. ii. 118.
    β. the next following, Lat. proximus; á öðru hausti, the next autumn, Ísl. ii. 228; önnur misseri, the following year, Bs. i. 437, 417; a. sumar eptir, 415, Fms. i. 237. Metaph. the second, next in value or rank, or the like; annat mest hof í Noregi, the next greatest temple, Nj. 129; a. mestr höfðingi, the next in power, Ísl. ii. 202; fjölmennast þing, annat eptir brennu Njáls, the fullest parliament next to that after the burning of N., 259; vitrastr lögmanna annarr en Skapti, the wisest speaker next after S., Bs. i. 28; a. mestr maðr í Danmörk, the next greatest man, Fms. xi. 51; annat bezt ríki, v. 297; var annarr sterkastr er hét Freysteinn, the next strongest champion, Eb. 156; mestrar náttúru a. en Þorsteinn, Fs. 74, Fms. iv. 58.
    II. = αλλος, alius, one of many, other, both in sing. and pl.; hon lék á gólfinu við aðrar meyjar, Nj. 2; mart var með henni annara kvenna, i. e. many women besides, 50; jafnt sekr sem aðrir menn, as guilty as anybody else, Grág. i. 432; einginn annarra Knúts manna, none besides, Fms. x. 192; ef þeir gerði lönd sín helgari enn aðrar jarðir, … than all other grounds, Eb. 20; er Þórólfr hafði tignað um fram aðra staði, … more than any other place, id.; kalla þá jörð nú eigi helgari enn aðra, id.; tók Börkr þann kost er hann hafði öðrum ætlað, 40; Þórarinn vann eið … ok tíu menn aðrir, Th. and ten men besides, 48; þeir þóttust fyrir öðrum mönnum, … over all other people, 20; góðr drengr um fram alla menn aðra, 30; af eyjum ok öðru sjófangi, other produce of the sea, 12; hann skal tvá menn nefna aðra en sik, … besides himself, Grág. i. 57; hann var örvari af fé enn nokkurr annarr, … than anybody else, Bret.; jafnt sem annat fúlgufé, as any other money, Grág. i. 432.
    2. other, different, in the proverb, öl er annarr maðr, ale (a drunken man) is another man, is not the true man, never mind what he says, Grett. 98; the proverb is also used reversely, öl er innri ( the inner) maðr, ‘in vino veritas:’ annað er gæfa ok görfuleiki, luck and achievements are two things (a proverb); önnur var þá æfi, viz. the reverse of what it is now (a proverb), Grett. 94 (in a verse); ætla ek þik annan mann en þú segir, Fms. xi. 192; hafi þér Danir heldr til annars gört, you deserve something different, worse than that, id.; varð þá annan veg, otherwise, Hkr. ii. 7; Björn varð þess víss at þau höfðu annan átrúnað, … different religion, Eb. 12.
    3. like οι αλλοι, reliqui, the rest, the remains; þá er eigi sagt hversu öðrum var skipað, Nj. 50; at hönd b. sé fyrir innan n., en annarr líkami hans ( the rest of his body) fyrir utan, 1812. 18.
    III. repeated in comparative clauses: annarr—annarr, or connected with einn, hvárr, hverr, ymsir: gékk annarr af öðrum at biðja hann, alius ex alio, one after another, Bs. i. 128; hverja nótt aðra sem aðra, every night in turn, Mag. 2; annat var orð Finns harðara enn annat, every word of Finn was harder than that which went before it, of a climax, Fms. v. 207: einn—annarr, alius atque alius, one and another, various; eina hluti ok aðra, Stj. 81; einar afleiðingar ok aðrar, Barl. 36; einir ok aðrir, various, Stj. 3; ef maðr telr svá, at hann var einn eðr annarr (that he was anybody, this or that man, viz. if he does not give the name precisely), ok er hinn eigi þá skyldr at rísa ór dómi, Grág. i. 28: ymsir—aðrir, in turn, now this, now the other; ymsir eiga högg í annars garð (a proverb); heita á helga menn, ok nefna ymsa ok aðra (now one, now another), Mar. 35: þágu þessir riddarar veizlur ymsir at öðrum, gave banquets one to another in turn, id.; færðu ymsir aðra niðr, now one was under water and now the other, of two men struggling whilst swimming, Fms. ii. 269: hvárr—annan, hverir—aðra, each other; mæltu hvárir vel fyrir öðrum; hétu hvárir öðrum atförum: of a rapid succession, hvert vandræði kom á bak öðru, misfortunes never come singly, but one on the back of the other, Fr.; við þau tiðindi urðu allir glaðir ok sagði hverr öðrum, one told the news to another, man to man, Fms. i. 21; þóttust hvárirtveggju meira vald at hafa í borginni en aðrir, 655 xvii. 1; hvárirtveggja—aðrir, αλλελοις, mutually, reciprocally; skulu nú h. ganga til ok veita öðrum grið, Nj. 190.
    IV. annat, n. used as a subst.; þetta sem annat, as other things, Fas. i. 517; skaltu eigi þora annat, en, Nj. 74; ef eigi bæri a. til, unless something happened, Bs. i. 350: at öllu annars, in everything else, Grág. ii. 141, K. Þ. K. 98: annars simply used adverb. = else = ella; now very freq. but very rare in old writers; stendr a. ríki þitt í mikilli hættu, Fas. i. 459, from a paper MS. and in a text most likely interpolated in the 17th century.
    COMPDS: annarskonar, annarskostar, annarsstaðar, annarsvegar. annarra- gen. pl. is used in annarra-bræðra, -bræðri, pl. fourth cousins, Grág. i. 285, ii. 172; cp. D. I. i. 185; v. næsta-bræðra = third cousins, þriðja-bræðra = fifth cousins.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ANNARR

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